DAMU Journal of Sports Sciences A periodical scientific journal specializing in sports sciences and subject to scientific arbitration. Issued by the Deanship of Hilla University College
The effect of small-sided game drills within specific spaces on the accuracy of chest passing skills among young basketball players
This study sought to determine the impact of small-sided games (SSGs) on enhancing the precision of chest passing abilities in young basketball players The sample comprised 20 players aged 14 to 16 years, randomly allocated into two groups: an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). The experimental group had SSGs three times weekly for eight weeks, whilst the control group maintained their conventional training regimen. Chest passing accuracy was measured before and after the training program using a reliable standardized test. The statistical analysis results (independent samples t-test and one-sample t-test) revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) favoring the experimental group, demonstrating that small-sided formation drills in confined spaces effectively enhance the accuracy of chest passing skills in young basketball players.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Omar Mohammed Majid Saud
Copyright (c) 2026 Damu Journal of Sport Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Water Recreational Activities on Reducing Social Anxiety in Shy Children Aged 12–15
This study targets shy children in late childhood and early adolescence (12–15 years old), who suffer from social anxiety and difficulty interacting with others. It stems from a fundamental problem: the lack of effective and safe indirect intervention methods to address this type of anxiety. Therefore, a water recreational program was designed that takes into account the psychological and age characteristics of these children. The study aimed to measure the impact of this program on reducing social anxiety. The researcher used a descriptive survey approach, and the program was implemented on a sample of (14) shy children selected based on a shyness scale. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, confirming the effectiveness of water activities in enhancing social interaction. The study recommends the use of these activities in school and educational programs to support groups with special psychological needs. It also calls for training educational staff on the use of aquatic therapeutic recreation as a psychological support tool. This model is a promising approach to enhancing self-confidence and achieving positive social adaptation in shy children.
Organizational Behavior in Managing School Sports Tournaments from the Perspective of Sports Workers According to the Gender Variable
This study examines the organizational behavior of managing school sports tournaments from the perspective of sports workers, with a focus on the gender variable. The study aims to understand the differences in organizational behavior between males and females in the context of managing school tournaments. The research problem identified the reality of organizational behavior. Despite the importance of understanding the organizational behavior of those in charge of school sports tournaments, there is a lack of studies that address the impact of the gender variable in this context. The research problem stems from the following questions: What is the reality of organizational behavior among sports workers when managing school sports tournaments? The descriptive comparative approach was used on a sample of (96) male and female supervisors in the six Baghdad education directorates. The results showed statistically significant differences in all dimensions of organizational behavior in favor of male supervisors, as they scored higher than female supervisors in positive work behavior, organizational relationships, and commitment to organizational values ​​and culture. The study also showed that organizational behavior in general was average for all employees. The study recommends providing training programs for female supervisors to enhance their administrative and organizational skills and achieve a balanced gender distribution of tasks to enhance the effectiveness of organizational performance.
The Effect of Station-Style Exercises on Developing Some Physical and Skill Requirements for Junior Soccer Players
The research aimed to identify the effect of specific exercises using the station method on developing some of the physical and skill requirements of junior soccer players. The experimental method with two equivalent groups was used. The research sample consisted of (28) junior soccer players, who were divided into two groups: a control group that performed the coach's exercises, and an experimental group that performed the skill exercises using the station method, prepared by the researcher. The implementation of the exercises took (8) weeks, at a rate of (3) units per week, for a total of (24) training units. The exercise time used was (30-35 minutes) for each training unit. The researcher concluded that the exercises using the station method had a positive effect on the members of the experimental group in Development of some physical and skill requirements for young soccer players.
The Relationship of Preparation Skills to the Professional Satisfaction of Scout Leaders in the Middle Euphrates Governorates
This study aimed to determine the level of preparation and professional satisfaction among Scout leaders holding the wooden badge in the Middle Euphrates Governorates (Karbala, Babil, Najaf, Qadisiyah, and Muthanna). It also aimed to determine the relationship between preparation and professional satisfaction by constructing scales for preparation and professional satisfaction, according to the scientific steps for constructing scales. This study aimed to serve the scientific movement and to be fair to the Scouting movement, its goals, and principles. The researchers concluded: 1- The level of preparation among Scout leaders in the Middle Euphrates Governorates was at a good level. 2- The level of job satisfaction among scout leaders in the Middle Euphrates governorates was good. 3- Preparation is positively related to job satisfaction; the higher the level of preparation, the higher the level of job satisfaction.
The Effect of an Educational Curriculum Using the Lorsbach Model on Students' Learning of Some Handball Skills
The research aims to identify: Develop an educational curriculum using the Lorsbach Model aimed at teaching students some handball skills. It also aims to identify the effect of an educational curriculum using the Lorsbach Model on students' learning of some handball skills. In light of the research objectives, the researcher develops the following hypothesis: There is a positive effect between the pre- and post-tests of the research sample on learning some handball skills. The experimental approach was used, and the research sample was selected from first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University. The sample size was (12). The researcher applied equivalence to the research sample across the research variables, making the percentage of the research sample (10%). The results showed that the effectiveness of an educational curriculum using the Lorschbach model had a positive impact on students' learning of some handball skills. It was recommended that teachers adopt a variety of modern learning methods, including an educational curriculum using the Lorschbach model.
The Effect of Special Training for Tennis and Squash on Developing the Explosive Ability and Smashing of Padel Players
The study consisted of two groups (experimental and control), with 6 players in each group. The problem was evident in the weakness of the biomotor and skill capabilities of padel players. Drawing on the researcher's experience, he developed specific training sessions for tennis and squash. The researchers used the experimental approach, which lasted for 8 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week. They designed the specific training sessions in a standardized, practical manner, based on the capabilities and potential of the experimental sample. The researchers concluded that the specific training sessions for tennis and squash had a positive impact on developing the explosive ability and smashing of padel players. The specific training helped break up the training routine by diversifying the exercises, which led to improved results for the experimental group.
The Effect of the Barman Model on Learning a Number of Basic Basketball Skills for Students (12-14) Years Old
The research aims to: - Develop educational units based on the Barman Model for learning a number of basic basketball skills for students (12-14) years old. - Identify the effect of these educational units based on the Barman Model on learning a number of basic basketball skills for students (12-14) years old. The researcher hypothesized: - There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group and the control group in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students (12-14) years old, in favor of the post-test. There were statistically significant differences in the post-tests between the experimental group and the control group in learning a number of basic basketball skills for students aged 12-14, in favor of the experimental group. The researcher reached the following main conclusions: - The educational units of the Barman model had a positive impact on developing basic basketball skills for students aged 12-14. - The experimental group, using the Barman model, outperformed the teacher-administered method in developing a number of basic basketball skills for students aged 12-14.
The Effect of Resistance Training Using (TRX) on Some Variables of Start and Discus Throw Performance for People with Disabilities (65 F) Women
The discus throw is one of the activities practiced by people with disabilities (56) women in competitive wheelchair athletics. Total body resistance training (TRX) using various types of ropes, including solid and rubber ropes and belts, for people with disabilities, including women in wheelchairs (56) is an important factor in developing a specialized training curriculum. Hence, the importance of research using TRX resistance training in developing study variables to help the coach identify the strengths and weaknesses of the players so that they can be addressed, which prompted the researchers to conduct a study targeting total body resistance training (TRX) and study its impact on some launch variables. Therefore, the study aimed to prepare total body resistance training and identify the impact of these training on (launch variables) and achievement for discus throwers with disabilities, category (56). The researchers used the experimental method with the (two equivalent groups) method to suit the nature of the research. The research community was identified from people of determination for discus throwers representing the Middle Euphrates region, numbering (10) players from category (F56), which constituted (100)% of the research community. Through presenting and discussing the results, the researchers reached the most important conclusions. Total body resistance training (TRX) improved the launch variables (launch speed, launch angle, and launch point height) between the two groups in the post-test, in favor of the experimental group. This contributed significantly to the achievement variable through the development of launch variables.
Administrative Problems of Video Assistant Referees (VAR) Technology in the Iraqi Professional Football League
This research aims to identify and clarify the administrative problems facing the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology in managing football matches in the Iraqi Professional League. It also aims to clarify the results of the critical analysis and conclusions related to the analysis of administrative problems and the impact of the use of VAR technology on the management of football matches. The research also aims to identify the administrative problems facing VAR referees using VAR technology. This research was conducted through a pilot study consisting of (30) individuals selected from the research community and not participating in the main study. The researchers used a descriptive approach with an analytical approach. The researchers randomly selected the research sample from those working in and interested in the field of football at the Iraqi Football Association. The sample size was (2,440) individuals, while the primary sample size was (2,140) individuals, and the pilot sample size was (30) individuals. The most important results of the research were the presence of specific and clear objectives for the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology in football. There is also coordination between the assistant referee for the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology and the match referee in making decisions in football matches, as well as criteria for selecting the assistant referee for the Video Assistant Referee (VAR).
Asst. Prof. Falah Hassan Alwan Al-Hasnawi
Asst. Prof. Ashraf Abdul Amir Hadi Al-Watifi
The Effect of Specific Muscle Strength Exercises on Developing Some Components of Strength and Performance of the Bent Back Half-Turn Aerobic Flip, Preceded by the Arabian Jump, on a Floor Exercise Mat for Juniors
The importance of this research lies in its attempt to develop players' performance in the Bent Back Half-Turn Aerobic Flip, Preceded by the Arabian Jump, by developing strength through the application of explosive exercises using specific muscle strength training techniques, away from the traditional method. The study aimed to identify the effect of specific muscle strength exercises on developing some strength components and performance of the curved back aerial flip with a half-turn, preceded by an Arabian jump on a floor exercise mat. The researchers used an experimental approach, designing a single experimental group with a pre- and post-test, on a sample of gymnasts aged 11-13 years who train at the training center of the Central Federation, Maysan branch. The sample was deliberately selected as there were no other gymnasts of the same age group in the same governorate. The researchers concluded that the specific muscle strength exercises designed had a clear impact on developing some strength components and performance of the curved back aerial flip with a half-turn, preceded by an Arabian jump on a floor exercise mat.
Additional feedback and its impact on the development of technical performance and achievement in the triple jump event
Feedback is an important topic in the field of study and research. Feedback is an important educational tool that has a direct and decisive impact on the learning process. Through it, the learner is provided with information about the nature of performance during repeated attempts while learning the required skill. This information allows them to understand their progress and level during and after performance. The importance of the research lies in identifying the importance of using additional feedback, represented by the use of educational films, then watching them and imitating the model form of correct performance in the triple jump event. The researchers used the experimental method, and the research community was selected from second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University for the academic year (2023-2024), totaling (125). The researchers concluded that the third experimental group outperformed the other groups in terms of improved skill performance and achievement. The second experimental group, which used pictures and a circular film as visual feedback for learning, was more effective than learning using auditory feedback on the technical performance level of the triple jump. The technique of segmenting the skill and presenting it at slow speed on the computer multiple times gave students the opportunity to learn the subtleties of the movement and master it without feeling bored or tired.
Focusing Attention and Its Relationship to the Performance of Some Basic Volleyball Skills for Female Students
The research aims to identify the degree of focus of attention and the performance of some basic volleyball skills for female students, and to identify the relationship between focus of attention and the performance of some basic volleyball skills for female students. The researcher used a descriptive and correlational approach. The research community was defined as fourth-year female students in the College of Education for Girls, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kufa, for the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample consisted of 30 female students. The researcher then selected and applied the focus of attention network test and a test of some volleyball skills (preparation, serving, and receiving) to the research sample. The results were extracted using appropriate statistical processing to arrive at the results. The results were then presented, analyzed, and discussed. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, including that the female students possess a good ability to focus attention. A good level of performance in some basic volleyball skills, and there is a significant correlation between the ability to focus attention and the level of performance of some basic volleyball skills. Based on the research findings, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations, including emphasizing the development of focus attention due to its importance in the skills of preparation, serving, and receiving at different rates commensurate with their importance and relationship to skill performance. She also emphasized the need for teachers to increase their focus on developing attention among their students due to its role in developing volleyball skill performance.
Psychological Energy and Its Impact on the Performance of Some Basic Tennis Skills for Advanced Players
The importance of this research lies in advancing the level of basic tennis skills, which rely on increasing the level of psychological energy to endure effort and fatigue over long periods. Psychological energy exercises are an important and fundamental factor that enhances players' ability to achieve victory. The problem of the research was: The reason for losing some tennis competitions occurs in the final sets, i.e., after a long period of time. This is due to the psychological aspect and the players' lack of the psychological energy that allows them to continue performing at the same pace despite their high physical strength. Therefore, preparing and training players by enhancing their psychological energy will enable them to compete and achieve advanced results. The aim of the research was to identify the impact of psychological energy on the performance of some basic tennis skills for advanced players. The experimental approach was used, and the research sample consisted of advanced tennis players from the Shatt al-Arab Club. After implementing the exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: Psychological energy plays a significant and fundamental role in enhancing the psychological aspect and raising the performance level of some basic tennis skills for advanced players. Accordingly, it was recommended to adopt psychological energy, given its significant and fundamental role in enhancing the psychological aspect and raising the performance level of some basic tennis skills for advanced players.
The Effect of Assistive Educational Exercises on Raising the Level of Some Biokinematic Variables in Students' Obstacle Crossing
The importance of this research is evident in its ability to raise the level of one of the track and field games, namely, student obstacle crossing. This activity is taught using assistive educational tools, which are designed according to proper instruction and incorporate mechanical variables that aid in analysis, measurement, and understanding the true level achieved in this activity. The research problem was: Teaching track and field sports, which rely on achieving accomplishments, whether in distance or time, both of which are variables that can only be measured and understood through proper and appropriate mechanical analysis. Therefore, we find that biomechanics is of great importance, both in its use in education and training, and in measurement. Thus, hurdle crossing is a difficult activity, and its accomplishment is measured by time, speed, and accuracy, which requires the use of appropriate aids and exercises. The most important objectives of the research were: To identify the effect of auxiliary educational exercises in raising the level of some bio kinematic variables in students' hurdle crossing. The experimental method was used, while the research population consisted of second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra. After implementing the exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: auxiliary educational exercises achieved the educational objectives of raising the level of some bio kinematic variables in students' hurdle crossing. The most important recommendations were: Adopt auxiliary educational exercises, as they achieved the educational objectives of raising the level of some biokinematic variables in students' hurdle crossing.
Explosive Power and Agility of the Hitting Arm and Their Relationship to the Accuracy of the Badminton Smash for Female Students at Ahl al-Bayt University
Badminton is an Olympic-recognized individual sport. Its practice requires the performance of specific skills, precise technical performance, and the adoption of complex tactical methods. The physical aspect plays a prominent and important role in many matches, especially when players are close in terms of tactical and skill levels. Through her practice of this game, observation of tournaments, and review of research, the researcher observed a weakness in the accuracy of the smash, which may be due to a weakness in the physical attributes specific to this game, including agility and strength characterized by speed. Therefore, the researcher decided to study the relationship between these two attributes and the skill of the smash. The study aims to identify the relationship between agility and explosive power of the arms and the accuracy of the badminton smash. The researcher hypothesized that there is a statistically significant correlation between agility and explosive power of the arms and the accuracy of the badminton smash. The researcher selected a research sample of 20 female third-year students in the College of Physical Education at Ahl al-Bayt University. The researcher selected appropriate physical and skill tests for the study. The researcher also presented, analyzed, and discussed the results obtained from the research tests. The researchers concluded that agility and explosive power of the arms affect the accuracy of the badminton smash. The researcher recommended emphasizing the training of these two abilities in training modules, practical lessons, and racket games lessons at the College of Physical Education at Ahl al-Bayt University.
Some elements of physical fitness and their relationship to under-19 long jump
Chapter One: The first chapter included an introduction to the research and its importance, as well as the research problem, which states: "Through the researcher's monitoring of the level of achievement of long jumpers in Karbala Governorate under the age of 19, he found that they had not achieved good results in previous tournaments. Through this, he felt there was a training problem among the jumpers and wanted to diagnose the weakness that led to the performance level not being at the desired level. Therefore, the researcher resorted to solving the problem by conducting some tests on the elements of physical fitness (maximum speed, leg muscle strength, abdominal muscle strength). From this, the researcher aims to delve into this experiment to determine the true physical elements that contribute to raising the athlete's efficiency in reaching the digital level of achievement in this competition, as well as to contribute to supporting and strengthening the training process in the governorate and the country through research and investigation. The researcher concluded that there is a correlation between speed and performance. Maximum and technical performance in long jumpers. There is a correlation between muscular strength and technical performance in long jumpers.
A diagnostic view of behavioral disorders among primary school students
The objectives of the research was to identify the reality of behavioral disorders among primary school students from the point of view of their teachers. The population and sample of the research were determined, represented by fourth-grade primary school students in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Babylon Education - Al-Musayyib Education Department, who numbered (50) students. In order to obtain data for the research, a study was conducted. Relying on the scale prepared by Hajjaj Ghanem (Teacher Appreciation of the Problem Scale (ADHD)), which consists of (22) items. After conducting the scientific foundations for it, these data were then processed statistically using the SPSS statistical package. In light of this, it was concluded that the students in the fourth grade of primary school do not have behavioral disorders to the extent that would indicate that they possess excess energy at a high level. Thus, the researchers recommended paying attention to a very large extent to students in the primary grades and in general. Especially students in the fourth grade of primary school, by monitoring their behavioral behavior and excess energy. Activating the role of the psychological counselor in the school in order to detect and diagnose behavioral disorders.
The Effect of Plyometric Training on Developing Some Physical Abilities of Al-Khuranq Football Club Players in the Advanced Category
Sports training fundamentally relies on training athletes in various exercises, whether physical, skill-based, tactical, or psychological. This training is conducted through organized, planned, and scientifically regulated methods by coaches, experts, specialists, and academics in the field of football. The goal is for players to achieve adaptation by the end of the training stages and subsequently reach peak athletic form, which positively reflects in achieving the best accomplishments by reaching the "top" during participation in local or international tournaments and competitions. Football is considered one of the most important team sports and games, as it is the most practiced, popular, and aesthetically appreciated sport in many developed and developing countries across different age groups. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of the proposed exercises on developing explosive strength and shooting accuracy from outside the penalty area in football. The researcher used the experimental method with a matched-groups design. The research sample consisted of advanced category players from Al-Khornaq Sports Club and was divided into two groups, each comprising 10 players. Strength is considered one of the important physical attributes for football players due to its close relationship with other physical attributes. Moreover, strength plays a significant role in scoring goals, as developing and enhancing muscle groups through training provides the player with better impact and less effort when shooting from outside the penalty area. Hence, the importance of this study lies in assessing the players' actual capabilities regarding the study variables and in developing essential physical attributes and skills through preparing compound exercises. These exercises supply players, coaches, and specialists in the sport with data related to the training aspect, optimizing time and effort to achieve the best possible training outcomes for advanced players aiming for victory. Through field observation and continuous monitoring of the game, the researcher noticed that special exercises were not included within the training curriculum or daily training units to acquire and develop shooting strength and accuracy from different distances. Instead, most focus was placed on improving specific skill performance.
training exercises organized to develop explosive movement efficiency in athletes
The Effect of Teaching the Subject of Scientific Research Methods Using Concept Maps on the Achievement of Third-Year Students
The aim of this study was to identify the effect of teaching the subject of Scientific Research Methods using concept maps on the academic achievement of third-year students. The researcher employed the experimental method using a true experimental design. The research sample was deliberately selected and consisted of third-year morning program students at the College of Basic Education / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024–2025. The total number of students was 65, of whom 60 students were selected and divided equally into two groups: an experimental group (30 students) and a control group (30 students). Five students were excluded for the purpose of the pilot study. The results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher concluded that there was noticeable improvement in the cognitive achievement of students who were taught using concept maps in the subject of scientific research methods. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of cognitive achievement (recall, understanding, application) in favor of the experimental group compared to the control group, which was taught using traditional methods.
The Effect of the Self-Review Method on Motor Flexibility and Learning Some Basic Handball Skills
This study aimed to investigate the effect of using the video self-review method on improving motor flexibility among handball players. It also measured the effectiveness of this method in learning basic skills (such as passing and shooting) compared to the traditional method. The results of the experimental group (which used the self-review method) were compared with those of the control group (which followed traditional training). Recommendations were provided for employing visual self-learning techniques to enhance sports training. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study, which seeks to measure the impact of an independent variable (video self-review method) on dependent variables (motor flexibility and learning basic handball skills). A two-group design (experimental and control) was used with pre- and post-tests. It is recommended to adopt the video self-review method within official training programs in handball, especially for younger age groups. Coaches should be trained to use filming techniques and simplified motion analysis to present performance videos to players. The VSM (Video Self-Modeling) approach should be integrated with other training methods such as live modeling or mirrored feedback to enhance effectiveness. Similar studies should be conducted on different samples (male/female, other age groups, different sports). Additionally, accompanying psychological measurements (such as self-efficacy or self-confidence) should be included to broaden the understanding of the video's impact on other aspects of athletic performance.
Employing Educational Technology Enhanced by Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing the Performance of Talented Football Players and Developing Their Training Strategies in Sudan: A Developmental Study from the Perspective of Specialists
This study aimed to investigate the extent of using educational technology enhanced by artificial intelligence in analyzing the performance of talented football players and developing their training strategies in Sudan. The researchers employed a descriptive-analytical approach, and the research tool was an electronic questionnaire directed at a purposive sample of (120) specialists in the fields of educational technology, sports training, artificial intelligence, and performance analysis, representing (20.83%) of the total population. The results indicated that the level of use was moderately high, while the effectiveness was very high. Intelligent tools contributed to improving the accuracy of performance analysis and providing realistic data that supports informed training decisions. The findings also revealed key obstacles, most notably the weakness of infrastructure, the shortage of qualified personnel, and the lack of institutional support. The study concluded with several recommendations, most importantly: the need to integrate artificial intelligence into training curricula, provide training for coaches, and ensure institutional and technical support in line with global developments. These results contribute to shaping future visions for developing training programs for talented athletes in Sudan based on artificial intelligence technologies.
The Effect of Effort Similar to the General Individual Cycling Race and Carbohydrate Intake on Apoptosis and Some Physiological Variables in Cyclists
This study aimed to identify the numerical values of gene expression for the P16 gene and some physiological variables in cyclists, as well as the effect of an effort similar to the general individual cycling race and carbohydrate intake on apoptosis (programmed cell death) and some physiological variables. The studied indicators included maximum heart rate, maximum respiratory rate, and calories burned. Regarding the research population and sample, the researcher defined the population as advanced cyclists participating in the 2024-2025 general individual cycling race season within the Iraqi Clubs League, totaling 34 athletes. A sample of 20 cyclists was randomly selected by lottery, representing 58.823% of the research population. The most important conclusions were that the level of physiological variables during effort similar to the individual time trial (before carbohydrate intake – after carbohydrate intake) in cyclists is closely and highly related to programmed cell death (apoptosis), and consequently is linked to the functional efficiency level of the cyclists. This confirms that cyclists with a lower level of programmed cell death exhibit higher functional work efficiency. The researcher primarily recommends relying on the results and data of programmed cell death and the physiological variables during effort similar to the individual time trial (before carbohydrate intake – after carbohydrate intake) in cyclists as an essential and fundamental part throughout the sports season. This approach aims to identify the main obstacles negatively affecting individual time trial cyclists, thereby protecting the cyclists and maintaining their performance levels.
The Effect of Competitive Training on Some Physical Abilities and the Accuracy and Speed of Thrusting with the Épée among Fencing Athletes
Visual orientation is considered one of the fundamental sensory systems that plays a vital role in enhancing the quality of skill performance, particularly in executing precise skills such as shooting in football, which represents the decisive final stage in the team's collective performance. Shooting accuracy is a direct indicator of the effectiveness of both individual and team performance during the match.The research problem arises from field observations indicating a noticeable lack of integration of perceptual skills — including visual orientation — in players' training programs. This raises questions about the extent to which this variable contributes to improving shooting accuracy.Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the contribution rate of visual orientation to shooting accuracy among players in the Iraqi Premier League. To achieve this, the researcher designed a specific test to assess visual orientation and selected a test to measure shooting accuracy under pressure.The results indicated that rightward visual orientation is a significant and influential perceptual indicator, as it contributed substantially to improving shooting accuracy, especially among players who predominantly use their right foot during offensive actions.Based on these findings, the researcher recommends designing specialized training units focusing on enhancing effective visual orientations (right, left, and downward) during the execution of shooting skills. These units should employ drills that simulate realistic offensive match scenarios to strengthen the perceptual aspects that support efficient skill performance.
The effect of a proposed training program to develop antagonistic muscles on improving indicators of explosive strength, agility, and the skill of serving and smashing among students of the College of Education Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Vo
The aim of the research was to: 1.Develop exercises targeting the antagonistic muscles to improve indicators of explosive strength, agility, and the skills of serving and spiking in volleyball players. 2.Identify the impact of these exercises on explosive strength, agility, and the skills of serving and spiking. The research sample was deliberately selected from second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences – Al-Safwa University College, as volleyball is included in the curriculum of this stage. The students were then randomly divided into two groups: the control group (15 students) and the experimental group (15 students). Some students were excluded due to unsuitable body measurements. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to process the results, which were presented in a series of tables, analyzed, and discussed scientifically based on relevant sources and studies that support the researcher's interpretation of the findings. This was done to achieve the research objectives and test the hypotheses. Based on the results, the researcher concluded the following: 1.The proposed exercises targeting antagonistic muscles improve muscular balance and enhance movement efficiency. 2.There is a positive relationship between strengthening antagonistic muscles and improving volleyball skill performance. 3.The training program helped reduce muscular fatigue and increased player stability during performance. Based on these conclusions, the researcher recommends the following: 1.Incorporating exercises aimed at developing antagonistic muscles within volleyball training programs. 2.Monitoring muscular balance and making it a priority in training programs to prevent sports injuries. 3.Conducting similar studies on different age groups and skill levels.
The effect of plyometric training on developing the strength, speed, and quickness of the arms of junior guards activated by the hand
Plyometric exercises are considered supportive exercises for the physical components of handball players, as they effectively contribute to improving abilities and consequently have a significant impact on performance levels through the movements and skills specific to handball goalkeepers. Hence, the importance of this research emerged in preparing plyometric exercises to develop certain physical abilities of goalkeepers, particularly explosive strength, and its reflection in enhancing the motor speed of the goalkeeper’s arms. The researcher employed the experimental method using a single-group pretest-posttest design. The research population and sample consisted of youth handball goalkeepers selected intentionally. The sample included youth players from the 2024-2025 season affiliated with the National Center for Talented Athletes under the Ministry of Youth and Sports in Baghdad, as well as training centers under the Ministry of Education represented by Al-Rusafa First, Second, and Third Education Directorates, and Al-Karkh First, Second, and Third Education Directorates for the youth category. The total number of goalkeepers was 30, representing 100% of the original population of youth goalkeepers. The research sample specifically included 5 youth goalkeepers from the Sports Talent Center under the Ministry of Youth. The exploratory experiment sample consisted of 3 youth goalkeepers from Al-Karkh Sports Club.
Finding a Predictive Value for Triple Jump Performance Based on Certain Kinematic Angles in Young Jumpers Under 18 Years
The triple jump is a complex event in athletics, requiring a high level of coordination between physical abilities and technical precision. It involves three consecutive phases (the hop, step, and jump), each demanding precise movement coordination and optimal performance angles to achieve the maximum possible distance. This study focused on analyzing the relationship between certain kinematic angles (takeoff angle, landing angle, and body lean angle) during the triple jump phases and their impact on the final performance of young athletes. The researcher used a descriptive analytical method, which is best suited for the research’s objectives. A sample of 12 young jumpers from athletics clubs in Iraq, with participants from both Baghdad and Sulaymaniyah, was selected. Each jumper performed three attempts, and their movements were captured and analyzed using motion analysis techniques. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the triple jump performance and certain kinematic angles. It was found that the takeoff and body lean angles serve as crucial predictive indicators for performance levels. Additionally, the study demonstrated the possibility of constructing a predictive model based on these angles to estimate the potential jump distance, providing coaches with a valuable tool for guiding training.The researcher concluded that understanding and improving these kinematic angles is critical for enhancing the movement performance of young jumpers. This can effectively contribute to the design of training programs based on precise biomechanical analysis. The study recommends incorporating these indicators into training and technical evaluation practices, with the suggestion of expanding future research to include additional variables and larger sample sizes.
Effect of Mind Maps Strategy on Performance in Air Rifle Shooting
To shift students from traditional learning frameworks to new ones that grant them a positive role in the educational process, it is essential to use strategies and plans that help reveal their potential, abilities, inclinations, and orientations. This is achieved by giving students a degree of freedom and independence, instead of the teacher being the sole leader and decision-maker. From this perspective, the researcher decided to use the mind maps strategy as a means to facilitate the learning process, save time and effort for the teacher, and enable the student to take responsibility, becoming a researcher, innovator, and discoverer capable of finding solutions to any problem through positive response and reaction. The effectiveness of shooting is distinct from other sports, as it requires high concentration, accuracy, quick wit, rapid analysis, studying surrounding conditions, and then choosing the appropriate decision within a limited time. The study utilized an experimental method with pre- and post-tests on a sample of second-year male students who regularly attend shooting classes at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Boys. After performing the pre-test to ensure equivalence, and conducting the main experiment and post-tests, the researcher found that students who studied according to the mind maps strategy achieved a higher learning rate than the control group, which studied according to the traditional method. Therefore, the researcher recommended the necessity of using means and strategies that give the learner a positive role in participating in the educational process, considering them the core of this process.
The Effect of Competitive Training on Certain Physical Abilities and the Accuracy and Speed of Thrusting with the Épée among Fencing Athletes
The importance of competition training in fencing is clearly evident as a fundamental factor that a player must possess. Additionally, the fencing rules favor the player who is faster in registering the touch, which is a decisive basic rule among the international regulations for the foil weapon. This highlights the utmost importance of motor speed, precision, and the influence of other physical factors on the performance of the fencer. The research problem emerged from the researcher's experience as a fencing instructor and observer of Iraqi university and school tournaments. It was noted that physical, motor, and technical precision training were not provided in a manner commensurate with the training load during the competition period. Therefore, competition situations and periods play a crucial and positive role in the training process and in raising the performance level. The conditions during the competition period offer athletes opportunities to encounter different situations, and in this period, the accumulated experience and skills achieved through the training curriculum can be observed. The research aims to identify the impact of competition training on some physical abilities, as well as on the accuracy and speed of thrusting in foil fencing for the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method with a single experimental group appropriate to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of eight players from the Thi Qar Education Team in fencing, selected intentionally to implement the study and achieve its objectives. Research conclusions indicated that competition training contributed directly to the development of physical abilities as well as the accuracy and speed of thrusting with the foil weapon in fencing. The researcher recommended the necessity of widely using competition in an interval training method (low intensity – moderate intensity) to develop physical abilities and improve the accuracy and speed of thrusting.
The Effect of Laser Irradiation Stimulation on the Rehabilitation of Mild Adductor Muscle Tear Injuries in Young Football Players
The research problem was manifested as follows: Is there an effect of laser stimulation in the rehabilitation of mild strain injuries in the adductor muscles among young football players? The research objectives were to prepare laser stimulation sessions for the rehabilitation of mild strain injuries in the adductor muscles of young football players and to identify the effect of laser stimulation in rehabilitating these injuries among the experimental group of young football players. The research hypothesis stated that there is no effect of laser stimulation in the rehabilitation of mild strain injuries in the adductor muscles of young football players in the experimental group. The researchers used a quasi-experimental approach with a single experimental group design, including pre-test and post-test assessments. The current research population consists of young players from the third group clubs, which include seven clubs: Al-Minaa, Maysan Oil, Basra Oil, South Refineries, Najaf, Al-Qasim, and Karbala. The total number of players in these clubs is 175, participating in the Iraqi Under-19 League (IRAQI LEAGUE U19). The number of players injured with mild strain injuries in the adductor muscles is 22, representing 12.57% of the total. The researchers randomly selected Najaf Club, which has four injured players, as the experimental sample, in addition to an exploratory trial sample consisting of four players from Al-Qasim Club The researchers concluded that the application of laser irradiation stimulation on the experimental group contributed to the rehabilitation of mild strains in the adductor muscles of injured players participating in the Iraqi Under-19 League (LEAGWE (IRAQI (U19)). The research recommendations included the use of laser irradiation stimulation in the rehabilitation of mild strains in the adductor muscles of injured players participating in the Iraqi Under-19 League (LEAGWE (IRAQI (U19)), as well as the use of other rehabilitation methods (such as Jacuzzi, acupuncture, etc.) in the rehabilitation of adductor muscle injuries among the injured players in the same league.