DAMU Journal of Sports Sciences A periodical scientific journal specializing in sports sciences and subject to scientific arbitration. Issued by the Deanship of Hilla University College
Innovative Sports Management Strategies Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies to Improve the Performance of Junior Basketball Players in Specialized Schools
This research aims to explore and develop innovative sports management strategies based on artificial intelligence technologies to enhance the performance of junior basketball players in specialized schools. The study highlights the importance of adopting advanced methods in training and developing motor skills by effectively utilizing AI tools to improve both individual and team performance. It emphasizes that using techniques such as motion modeling through virtual and augmented reality, as well as performance analysis using sensors, helps identify players’ strengths and weaknesses. This enables the customization of individualized training programs tailored precisely to the needs of each player. Additionally, machine learning contributes to designing flexible training plans that adapt to players’ progression, achieving tangible results in improving their technical and physical skills. The study also covers training management mechanisms, including setting monthly and annual training plans, organizing coaches’ work, and enhancing communication between the school, players, and their families to ensure continuous and effective coordination. Moreover, it focuses on ethical and security aspects by applying data protection standards when handling minors’ data to ensure confidentiality, while adhering to the highest levels of transparency in using results for decision-making. Finally, the study concludes that integrating artificial intelligence technologies into training management significantly contributes to increasing performance efficiency and achieving remarkable improvements in players’ development. This supports the adoption of sustainable strategies that keep pace with technological advancements and strengthen the capabilities of educational and sports institutions to achieve success and excellence in youth training.
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The Effect of Special Exercises Based on Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) on Developing Angular Velocity for the Reception Skill in Volleyball
Interest has grown among coaches and teachers in studying the psychological aspects of learners in volleyball, with particular emphasis on neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) due to its association with auditory, visual, and kinesthetic processes. NLP serves as a tool that enables learners to change themselves, reform their thinking, enhance their performance and skills, as it relies on experience and testing, leading to tangible results in the learner's skill performance. This study aims to design special exercises based on neuro-linguistic programming for three experimental groups (auditory, visual, and kinesthetic) to develop angular velocity and the reception skill in volleyball among students, and to identify differences between the groups. The researchers employed the experimental method, deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem. Data analysis was conducted using the ready-made Fish Dart program for biomechanical variables specific to the study, alongside an NLP scale and a volleyball reception skill test. The researchers concluded that there was a positive effect on the angular velocity indicator and performance resulting from the use of composite exercises based on neuro-linguistic programming. Notably, the auditory group showed the best development in the angular velocity indicator, which the researchers considered an indicator of learning development through neuro-linguistic programming. The auditory group also demonstrated the best performance development among the three groups using neuro-linguistic programming.
Special exercises based on neuro-linguistic programming (NLP),
An Analytical Study of Selected Foot Arch Values and Their Relationship with Certain Kinematic Variables of the Volleyball Spike Skill
performance variables among the players of the University of Basra volleyball team, and to determine the nature of the relationship between them. Volleyball is considered a complex skill-based sport that requires high precision in movement analysis and performance evaluation. The importance of this research stems from the need in the academic and athletic fields for accurate scientific information based on laboratory measurements and modern technological tools, especially given the decline in the performance level of the spike skill among Iraqi university players in recent years. The researcher used the descriptive survey method, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem. A sample of (10) high spikers was selected after excluding the setter and libero. The research relied on a set of tools, such as the Daynafoot device for measuring arch indicators and the Kinovea software for rapid kinematic analysis, in addition to video recording at 240 frames/second to obtain accurate information on movement angles, speed, and distances. The practical aspect involved conducting tests of the high smash and measuring foot arch indices, followed by an analysis of kinematic variables such as final step speed, knee angle, take-off angle, body launch angle, and hip height at the moment of impact. The results revealed clear differences between the right and left foot values in weight distribution and movement time, in addition to differences between high and fast hitters in kinematic variables. Significant correlations were also demonstrated between certain foot arch variables and skill performance variables.
Prof. Dr. Qusour Abdul-Hamid Abdul-Wahed
The effect of plyometric training exercises on improving speed-specific strength during gymnastics classes
Plyometric training is a widely used method in the sports field. Various plyometric exercises have become popular as essential training methods for developing and enhancing various types of strength. The importance of this research lies in the use of modern plyometric training methods, which rely on building training programs based on a scientific basis to develop strength characterized by speed and employ exercises to serve the set goal while minimizing effort and time. The researcher noted that many students lack the characteristic of speed-related strength. This, in turn, is reflected in their inability to perform skills, given its effective role in implementing all skills, as it is an essential characteristic. Furthermore, many researchers and trainers are not interested in using plyometric training. Therefore, the researcher decided to address this problem. The researcher used an experimental method with a two-group equivalent design. The research sample consisted of second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University. The researcher also conducted a pre-test for members of both groups. The curriculum, prepared by the researcher, was then applied to the members of the experimental group. At the same time, the control group used the same curriculum as the subject teacher. The researcher concluded that the curriculum plays a significant role in improving the speed-related strength of the arm, trunk, and leg muscles.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Bashar Hamid Abdul-Majid
The relationship between leg muscle strength and dynamic stability in basketball players under 16 years
The process of assessing each lower limb individually constitutes a key aspect of the kinesthetic and physical analysis of athletes, especially basketball players who rely heavily on unilateral limb movement during running, jumping, and landing. Repeated reliance on one leg for performance often leads to a difference in muscle strength or neuromuscular control between the legs, which can affect performance efficiency and increase the likelihood of functional injuries , Hence the importance of unilateral strength tests such as the one-legged squat test or the unilateral landing test, as they are accurate tools for measuring strength, stability, muscle coordination and related supporting variables such as balance, knee angle and pelvic stability during performance.
The impact of game situations on the development of motor skills and player positioning is a common issue in football
The study aims to design training exercises based on tactical situations to develop the perceptual–motor capabilities of football players in the attacking third, with a focus on positioning and spatial–temporal awareness to enhance finishing, resolve attacking plays, and build confidence in young players so they can act correctly and perform the required successful actions on the field, particularly in offensive roles. The researcher employed the experimental method with two groups (experimental n = 8, control n = 8) over a period of eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, each lasting 60–75 minutes (a total of 24 sessions). The research hypotheses included designing tactical-behavior exercises for young football players and identifying the effect of playing situations on developing perceptual–motor abilities and positional behavior among young players. Perceptual–motor tests and positioning indicators based on video and GPS analysis were applied before and after the program. Data were statistically processed using the SPSS program. The results showed a significant improvement in perceptual–motor tests and offensive positioning indicators in the experimental group compared to the control group.
The Effect of Mechanical Energy Training and ATP Supplementation on the Kinematic Variables of the Step Phase and Performance Achievement in Triple Jumpers Under 20 Years
The research problem emerged from observing weakness in the step phase during the execution of the triple jump. This weakness is attributed to the lack of using mechanical energy training, which is based on a physical law to determine training intensity individually for each jumper, considering body mass, time, and distance. Another factor is related to the level and availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the muscles, as it is the primary compound influencing physical performance and represents the dominant energy system in this event. Additionally, many coaches pay limited attention to the technical aspects of the triple jump within training units compared to physical aspects, leading to a lack of awareness among jumpers regarding the importance of these trainings, despite their familiarity with physical exercises. To improve performance and achievement in the triple jump, the researcher applied mechanical energy training and ATP supplementation to triple jumpers selected randomly (by lottery) from clubs in the Middle Euphrates region. The sample was divided into two groups (experimental and control), with five jumpers in each group. The aim of the study was to improve step phase performance and achievement. After conducting pre-tests, the researcher implemented the prepared training program and administered the supplement for a period of eight weeks, with three training units per week. Post-tests were then conducted, and the results demonstrated a positive effect of mechanical energy training and ATP supplementation on improving the kinematic variables of the step phase and performance achievement for the research sample.
Explosive Power and Its Relationship with the Fast Spike Skill among Volleyball Players
This study investigates the relationship between explosive strength and the performance of the fast spike skill among volleyball players, a key offensive skill influencing match outcomes and team effectiveness, the study was prompted by observed variations in fast spike execution, despite players possessing adequate physical abilities, suggesting a gap in translating physical capacity into skill performance, the main objective was to assess the players’ explosive strength and its impact on the effectiveness of the fast spike. Findings revealed a significant positive correlation: players with higher explosive strength executed spikes with greater speed and accuracy, enhancing offensive efficiency and overall team performance, the results underscore the importance of specialized training programs that integrate explosive strength development with technical skill enhancement ,it is recommended that coaches focus on position-specific explosive and anaerobic training to optimize spike performance and overall volleyball effectiveness.
Emotional response and its relationship to free throw accuracy from a stationary position in basketball for female students
. To reach good athletic levels, players and individual athletes must regularly engage in continuous and strenuous training in the type of activity they choose. The player interacts with their athletic environment, influencing and being influenced by it. This interaction is not limited to simply responding to the various sporting situations he goes through in training and competitions, but the player often gains experience and perceptions about himself and others through this interaction, through his continuous awareness of his physical, skill and tactical abilities as part of his general self-awareness. Emotional response is one of the important psychological factors that can be observed through an individual's behavior in responding to emotional situations during skill performance. Basketball is a team sport that has always attracted the attention of many fans of this game due to its distinctive skill, outstanding technical performance, and its need for high capabilities. "Athletes who are well-prepared psychologically and morally, as well as in other aspects, are able to better control their emotions in critical and sudden circumstances." "The process of development and creativity comes through good mastery of the basic skills in the game and performing them under all conditions, especially the free throw from a stationary position, due to its importance in achieving victory. Hence lies the importance of research into knowing the relationship between emotional response and the free throw from a stationary position." Through the researcher's field experience and continuous observation of training processes, it became clear that psychological preparation processes did not have a comprehensive dimension in the memory of trainers and those working in the field of training. This means that these aspects have not received sufficient importance alongside physical, technical, and tactical preparation in order to control the negative emotions that the player faces during competition, which are reflected in the player's performance level. And on the team's overall results in the league standings, as well as on the general level of the game's skills. Thus, the research problem is manifested in the weakness and speed of performance of basic skills and their performance among male and female players, especially in the early stages of colleges and departments of physical education. One of the main objectives was to identify the level of emotional response among female students in the Physical Education Department. The main hypothesis was that there is a statistically significant correlation between emotional response and the accuracy of the free throw from a stationary position in basketball. Emotional response means: "An individual's response to their environment is closely related to the intensity of the behavior." The research sample consisted of fourth-year female students from the Department of Physical Education at the University of Kufa. The study took place in the sports hall of the Department of Physical Education at the University of Kufa, from May 1, 2024, to January 9, 2025. The researcher used the descriptive method with a correlational approach because it is one of the most suitable methods for the nature of the research problem. The most important conclusion is the existence of a statistically significant correlation between emotional response and shooting accuracy in basketball. The most important recommendation was to emphasize the importance of players participating in local competitions aimed at improving their emotional responses.
The effect of using some of the prevailing exercises in improving the level of kinetic chock of the side-to-bottom transmission skill in volleyball
The research problem lies in the varying levels of female students performance of the side-sending skill from below in volleyball, so an educational program that includes supportive exercises for this skill had to be developed. The research aims to uncover: -The effect of using some training exercises in improving the level of kinetic performance of the side-sending skill from below in volleyball. -The effect of using some exercises to improve some physical abilities of the motor performance of the side-sending skill from below in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental approach with one set of pre and post testing and an educational program was prepared that includes support exercises and two units per week, and the research community was deliberately chosen and they are the second stage, and the researcher applied the program using the support exercises, and after that the data obtained from the pre and post tests were processed from the Statistical package (SPSS). The following conclusions were reached: -The proposed support exercises resulted in an improvement in the level of motor performance of the lateral transmission skill from the bottom as a result of the improvement of the muscular ability and the increase in focus and attention and the increase of accuracy. -There were significant differences between the pre and post test in all variables under consideration and in favor of the post test. Based on the results of the research and the findings, the researcher recommends the following: -The necessity of introducing the exercises in the educational units in order to develop the working muscle groups because of their effect on the level of motor performance of the lateral transmission skill from below.
The Effect of Core Muscle Exercises on Energy Expended During Physical Effort, Motor Balance, and Dribbling Speed in Basketball Players Under 16 Years Old
This research aimed to develop core muscle exercises for basketball players under 16 years old and to determine the effectiveness of these exercises in improving energy expenditure during physical effort, motor balance, and dribbling speed in these players. The researcher used an experimental design with a pre-test/post-test for two equivalent groups (experimental and control) as it was suitable for the nature of the research. The research population was defined as young basketball players under 16 years old from Babil Governorate. Al-Hillah Sports Club was selected by lottery for the 2024-2025 training season, totaling 16 players. A sample was then selected the research was conducted using a lottery system, dividing the sample into two groups (experimental and control), with 8 players in each group. The researcher prepared several exercises, which were implemented during the special preparation period. The proposed exercises began on February 1, 2025, and continued for 8 weeks. The total number of training sessions was 24, with 3 sessions per week on Saturdays, Mondays, and Wednesdays. The total duration of each training session was 120 minutes, with the main training segment lasting 30-45 minutes. The training method used was high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with an intensity ranging from 75% to 100% of the player's maximum performance level. One of the most important conclusions reached by the researcher was the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for the experimental group in the studied variables. This indicates that the specific physical exercises used were effective in developing the physiological, physical, and skill variables.
The Effect of Specialized Physical Preparation Programs on the Development of Basic Physical Fitness Components among Junior Boxing Players
This study aims to examine the impact of a specialized physical conditioning program on the development of basic physical fitness components among junior boxing players. The researcher used the experimental method on a sample of 20 junior athletes, divided into two groups: control and experimentation. The experimental group underwent a specialized training program for eight weeks, while the control group continued with their regular training routines. Measurements of basic fitness components (muscular strength, endurance, speed, agility, and balance) were taken before and after the intervention. The results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group across all variables, indicating the effectiveness of the program in enhancing the physical capacities required in boxing. The study recommends implementing such specialized programs in junior training centers.
Emotional Traits and Their Relationship to Self-Management Among First-Division Football Players
This study aims to develop a self-management scale for first-division football players and to identify the relationship between emotional traits and self-management among first-division players at Al-Sadiq Sports Club. Research Methodology: The researcher used the descriptive survey method, as it is suitable for addressing the research problem and achieving its objectives. The research population included first-division football players for the 2025–2026 season. The sample was divided into three groups: a pilot sample consisting of (9) players, a construction sample of (100) players, and the main application sample, which was purposefully selected from Al-Sadiq Sports Club and consisted of (25) players. After processing the data using the statistical program SPSS Ver. 23, the study reached several conclusions, including the presence of a significant correlation between the emotional traits scale and the self-management scale among first-division football players. It was also found that the players in the main application sample exhibited an average level on both the emotional traits and self-management scales.
The Effect of Mastery Instructional Exercises on Teaching and Developing Some Basic Offensive Volleyball Skills for Students
The importance of this research lies in its attempt to implement mastery instructional exercises aimed at enhancing students' proficiency in learning and developing some basic offensive volleyball skills. This is achieved through the use of interactive teaching methods that combine practical and theoretical aspects and motivate learners to perform consciously and purposefully. The researcher hopes that the results of this research will contribute to the development of educational curricula for physical education and improve training and teaching methods to keep pace with modern scientific trends in the field of motor learning. The research problem was: The educational system found a clear weakness among students in performing basic offensive skills such as serving, setting, and passing. This is due to the use of traditional instructional exercises that do not take into account the principle of mastery or individual differences among learners. This in itself constitutes a research problem that requires the use of more precise and differentiated instructional exercises, such as mastery instructional exercises, to teach and develop some basic offensive volleyball skills for students. The aim of the research was to identify the effect of educational proficiency exercises on teaching and developing some basic offensive volleyball skills for students. The experimental approach was used, and the research population was second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Science at Al-Qadisiyah University. After implementing the exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: Educational proficiency exercises helped teach and develop some basic offensive volleyball skills for students. Therefore, it was recommended to adopt educational proficiency exercises because they helped teach and develop some basic offensive volleyball skills for students.
A Study of the Reality of Training Competencies Required for Football Tennis and Footnet Coaches from the Players’ Perspective
The aim of the research was to determine the level of training competencies (cognitive, skill, personal, social) of tennis, football and netball coaches from the players’ point of view. And the disclosure of deficiencies or shortages in the training competencies of trainers. And compare the level of training competencies between the coaches of the two games to identify similarities and differences. The areas of research were from the human Field: the players of sports clubs participating in the Premier League of Baghdad governorate and the time domain: 3/6/2025 until 11/8/2520. And the spatial area: the headquarters of the participating sports clubs in the Premier League. The researcher identified his community of all the players participating in the Premier League of the (10) sports clubs with a total number of (141) players representing those sports clubs, where the researcher took all the players in a comprehensive inventory method and then distributed the sample into three main samples and recommended the need to strengthen the methodology in organized creativity by taking advantage of the supportive environment for creativity by adopting a methodological framework to receive the ideas of the players, analyze and implement good ones. The need to diversify implementation and interaction strategies through the development and application of more diverse training methods (such as introductory play, problem solving) to face Individual Differences and work to integrate technical development with technological development in order to enhance technical competence. And work on the development of a person's motivation mechanisms by filling the gap in motivation proportional to personalities.
The effect of an educational approach based on design thinking on students’ learning of soccer scoring skills
The field of motor learning has witnessed a remarkable development, as interest has come to encompass cognitive and perceptual aspects alongside practical skill practice. This research aims to study the effect of an educational approach based on design thinking on improving the learning of soccer scoring skills among second-grade middle school students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach with two equivalent groups. The educational program was applied to the experimental group, while the control group used the traditional method. The curriculum included seven lessons, each containing two practical exercises of varying difficulty, with a focus on interaction and practical practice. Performance was evaluated before and after the lessons. The results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group. The program also enhanced interaction and participation, contributing to more accurate and consistent skill acquisition. These results confirm the effectiveness of design thinking in improving motor and skill learning, with the potential for its generalization in teaching soccer skills to enhance students' technical performance.
The effect of competitive training on mental toughness handling and scoring skills in futsal
Psychological preparation is a major part of the sports training process, like other types of preparation, as it works on the optimal investment of the players' physical, skill and tactical abilities. The research aimed to prepare competitive exercises and identify their impact on psychological resilience and the skills of handling and scoring in indoor soccer. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group equivalent design. The research sample consisted of players from the Diyala Education team in indoor soccer, numbering (14 players). The most important conclusions were that competitive exercises had a very large and effective impact on developing psychological resilience and the skills of handling and scoring in indoor soccer, as this appeared through the significance of the differences between the pre- and post-test of the variables. The most important recommendations were to adopt competitive exercises in training because of their positive impact on the research variables, and to benefit from these exercises in solving some psychological problems for players when performing skills.
Academic Engagement of Applied Students in Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the Middle Euphrates Region
Academic integration of students applying to the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Middle Euphrates region. The research aims to build a scale of academic integration for students applying in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Middle Euphrates region and to identify the role and level of academic integration of the applying students. The problem of the research lies in the fact that the success of the educational process lies in the integration of students into the academic environment. On this basis, the researcher will see the level of academic integration of the applying students through the practical work of the applying students in their schools, whether it is good or not, by distributing the scale to the students after the application period. The researcher identified the community and sample of his research, the applied students in the faculties of education and sports sciences in the Middle Euphrates region and regular attendance for the academic year (2024-2025), whose number is (380) male and female students, and they are the same sample for constructing the scale, which consisted of (350) male and female students, and the exploratory sample was (30) male and female students, and they were chosen using the comprehensive enumeration method. Conclusions: The applied students in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Middle Euphrates region have a high level of academic integration and there are statistically significant differences. For the applied students between males and females and in favor of females. Recommendations: The necessity of conducting adequate studies on the academic integration of applied students due to its great importance in the success of the educational process in the optimal way. The academic integration of applied students needs continuous support from educational institutions in colleges and schools by preparing an encouraging educational environment that makes it an effective element in the educational process. Statistical methods: The data obtained were processed using the statistical package (SPSS) and the program (Excel).
Compound Coordination Exercises Using Resistance Bands and Ball Aids, And Their Effect on Agility, Speed, and Chest Passing For Junior Basketball players
This study sought to construct the compound workouts being investigated and to assess their impact on agility, coordination, and chest passing skills in young athletes. The researcher utilized the experimental technique, implementing a single-group pre-test/post-test design. The research sample comprised players from the under-16 junior squad of Dijlah University Club. The pre- and post-test findings were presented, evaluated, and debated utilizing data processing techniques. The study determined that complex workouts positively influenced the development of agility, coordination, and chest passing abilities in players under 16, and that the incorporation of assistance gadgets in training yielded beneficial effects. The researcher advocated for several measures, primarily: the imperative of employing compound exercises to enhance agility, coordination, and chest passing abilities, as well as the requirement for utilizing assistive devices during contemporary training regimens for young athletes to cultivate offensive or defensive skills in basketball.
Prof. Assist. Dr. Omar Mohammed Majid Saud
Mental fitness and its relationship to developing some basic futsal skills for students
Futsal is a team sport that requires its practitioners to have high physical, technical, and mental skills, as the practitioner must make quick and accurate decisions while playing. Researchers and those interested have noticed that mental abilities such as concentration, self-confidence, impulse control, and the ability to Dealing with pressure directly affects the quality of players’ skill performance, especially in basic skills (such as handling and suppression) And scoring) Hence the importance of this study to show the relationship between mental fitness and basic skills among middle school students, specifically the sixth grade of science, who represent an important stage in sports and psychological formation, and thus solve the research problem, as a clear disparity was observed in the level of students’ performance of football skills. Futsal, despite their similarity in physical and skill abilities.This disparity may indicate a difference in the level of mental fitness, which calls for the question: Is there a correlation between mental fitness and the performance of some basic skills in futsal among sixth grade students? The research aims to identify the correlation between mental fitness and some basic futsal skills among sixth-grade scientific students. The researcher followed the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships. The research population was determined by sixth-grade scientific students in secondary and preparatory schools for boys in the Hashemite District in Babil Governorate. For the academic year (2024-2025), their number is (250) students representing (5) schools The researcher chose his research sample from that population of (44) students, and applied the mental fitness scale consisting of (4) items and basic skills tests in futsal (handling, putting out, scoring) to the main research sample, and after processing the results, the research came out with a set of conclusions, including There is a significant correlation between mental fitness and performance of basic skills in futsal (scoring, handling, etc And suppression) for sixth grade science students. The researcher recommended a set of recommendations, including preparing awareness programs for physical education teachers about the importance of mental fitness and its impact on students’ skill performance.
The Effect of Using Special Exercises on Learning Some Basic Tennis Skills Among Students
The study aims to examine the effect of using special exercises on learning some basic tennis skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Bilad Al-Rafidain, specifically the skills of serving, forehand, and backhand groundstrokes. The researcher employed the experimental method using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests, applied to a randomly selected sample of 40 students. The experimental group underwent an instructional program consisting of 18 teaching units that incorporated special exercises based on motor learning principles, while the control group followed the traditional curriculum used in the college. Statistical analysis results revealed significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the post-tests, indicating the effectiveness of the special exercises in improving students’ technical performance. The findings confirmed that gradual progression in difficulty and variation in learning situations contributed to enhancing learning efficiency and developing motor and skill abilities. The researcher recommended adopting these exercises in tennis instruction and integrating them into future academic and training programs.
Administrative performance in managing and organizing sports tournaments in the School Sports Division in Diyala Governorate
The research aims to identify the level of administrative performance among employees in the School Sports Division in managing and organizing sports tournaments, and how to manage them. The research problem lies in the limited human and material resources needed to meet tournament requirements and the disparity in the level of competence of the administrative cadres supervising implementation. The researcher used a descriptive survey approach because it is the most appropriate and closest to solving the problem. The questionnaire was considered the primary tool through which results could be reached. The research targeted a sample of (50) employees working in the School Sports Division. Data was collected through a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The research results showed that the level of administrative performance in the School Sports Division in Diyala Governorate varies between organizational and technical aspects, with greater emphasis on the executive aspect than on advance planning. The research also revealed that the administrative organization of sports tournaments relies largely on the personal experience of some employees rather than on written, institutional plans and strategies, which reduces the sustainability of the quality of administrative performance. Considering the findings, the researcher recommends the development of detailed, written strategic plans for organizing school sports tournaments, clearly defining the objectives, methods, and timetable. Specialized educational personnel in sports management and organizations, including physical education teachers and experienced professionals, should be involved to ensure higher quality administrative performance.
Asst. Dr. Mu'ayyad Majeed Ismail Ibrahim
The Effect of a Training Method Based on Trial-and-Error Learning and Reinforcement Schedules on Mindfulness and Learning the Shooting Skill in Football among Students
The importance of this research lies in the fact that diversity in methods and approaches used in the educational process is essential for enhancing students’ learning experiences. The researcher sought to combine the training method with learning through trial and error on one hand, and the training method with learning through reinforcement schedules on the other. The training method based on trial and error gives students sufficient opportunity to make decisions during practice and the freedom to choose their position and environment. It also allows each student to learn according to their own abilities by attempting to correct mistakes through repeated trials. This gradual learning process enhances learners’ motivation and mental awareness during learning. As for the training method based on reinforcement schedules, students receive reinforcement through direct feedback from the instructor. This feedback serves both educational and reinforcing purposes, strengthening students’ behaviors and helping maintain their persistence and resistance to extinction. Thus, both methods stimulate learners’ mental awareness and encourage them to continue improving their shooting Skills in football.
The role of handball sports activities in developing positive resilience and optimism for sixth-grade students
The research has practical importance in terms of the possibility of employing its results by school administrations, the Ministry of Education, and supervisors of extracurricular activities, to develop purposeful educational sports programs that enhance the psychological health of students. In light of the increasing global interest in positive education, this research contributes to enriching local and Arab literature by presenting a research model that combines physical education and psychological support, and aims to identify (the level of positive resilience and optimism for sixth-grade students, the role of sports activities in developing positive resilience and optimism for sixth-grade students). The community of this research was determined intentionally, which is the sixth-grade students in the Hashemite sector schools, numbering (10) secondary schools, for their cooperation in a way that serves the research. The research sample consisted of (780) students, including a constructive sample, while the experimental sample was divided into two groups, one experimental and the other a control group, each of which included (30 students) for their cooperation in a way that serves the research. The researcher adopted the scale of positive resilience and optimism.
The Relative Contribution of Agility and Balance to Shooting Accuracy Performance in Football among Youth Players
The accuracy of shooting depends on the integration of a set of abilities and components that support the player’s attainment of the optimal position when striking the ball toward the goal. Among these abilities, agility and dynamic balance stand out as two essential factors that enable the player to move smoothly, change direction rapidly when facing defensive pressure, and maintain body stability to complete the final shooting action with the highest possible accuracy. The importance of this study lies in examining the relative contribution of agility and balance to the changes that occur in shooting accuracy among football players. The study aims to identify the relationship between agility, dynamic balance, and shooting accuracy performance in football among youth players. The research population consisted of youth football players from the Gardens of Babylon Sports Club in Babil Governorate for the 2025 sports season. Due to the limited size of the research population, which comprised (27) players, the researchers reached the following conclusions: Youth players possess good levels of agility and balance, which positively reflect on their performance in shooting accuracy. There is a very strong positive relationship between agility and shooting accuracy, as agility explains approximately 75.5% of the variance in shooting performance
Relative contribution of agility and balance
The Effect of the Power-Speed Balance Method on Some Bio-Motor Abilities of the Jab Punch in Young Boxers
The significant achievements realized in various sports activities did not arise by chance nor were they accidental; rather, they were accomplished thanks to sound scientific planning and high-level management. Management has entered the core of educational institutions and sports clubs, becoming the foundation upon which infrastructure is built. The pillars of management are the lifeblood of these institutions. This study aims to shed light on the extent to which administrative bodies in these clubs possess knowledge management concepts and their ability to employ information technology to achieve high administrative efficiency that keeps pace with modern changes in the fields of management and sports. The research problem centers on the existence of a gap in administrative work among some administrative bodies of the Iraqi Stars League clubs. It can be summarized through several questions: To what extent do members of administrative bodies possess knowledge management skills? To what extent is information technology utilized in administrative work within the clubs? What is the relationship between knowledge management and administrative efficiency? What is the relationship between information technology and administrative efficiency? Do levels of administrative efficiency differ according to varying levels of knowledge management and information technology among administrators? The study aimed to develop scales (administrative efficiency, knowledge management, and information technology) for members of the administrative bodies of the Iraqi Stars League football clubs, to identify the values of each scale and their domains, to determine the relationship and contribution ratios between knowledge management and information technology in administrative efficiency, and to derive a predictive equation for this purpose.
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The Effect of Instructional Units According to Gagné's Model in Learning the Skill of Tackling in Football for Students
- Measuring the impact of educational units according to Gagné’s model in learning the skill of extinguishing (firefighting). - Identifying the superiority of Gagné’s model over the traditional method used in schools for learning the skill of extinguishing, for both the control and experimental research groups. To achieve reliable results, the researcher hypothesized - There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results in learning the skill of extinguishing, favoring the post-test. - There are statistically significant differences between the control and experimental research groups in learning the skill of extinguishing, favoring the experimental group. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the research problem. The sample consisted of 36 fourth-grade preparatory students divided into two classes: 18 students in the experimental group and 18 in the control group. The main experiment was conducted with two units per week, totaling 16 educational units. After completing the experiment, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded: - Gagné’s model had a positive effect on learning the skill of extinguishing among fourth-grade preparatory students at Al-Zaytoun Private School, as evidenced by comparisons between the control and experimental groups in pre-tests and post-tests. - The model facilitated interaction between students and the teacher and increased student engagement. Recommendations: - Adoption of Gagné’s model in physical education and sports science lessons for fourth-grade preparatory students.
The effect of anaerobic exercise on some physiological indicators (CPK, LDH, and LA) in under-23 football players
The research aims to prepare anaerobic exercises for young football players, to identify the effect of anaerobic exercises on the level of some physiological indicators (CPK, LDH, LA) for football players under 23 years old. The researcher used the experimental method with the experimental group as it is the most appropriate method to address the research problem. The research community consisted of football players under (23 years old) in Diyala Governorate, distributed among (4) clubs, with (72) players, distributed among the clubs (Diyala, Al-Khalis, Al-Muqdadiya, Al-Shaheed Arkan). The research sample was chosen randomly by lottery, and they were Al-Muqdadiya Sports Club players, numbering (22) players, representing (30.55%) of the original community. The researcher concluded that anaerobic exercises achieved their effectiveness, as the experimental group showed a tangible development compared to the control group, which enhances the effectiveness of anaerobic exercises directed at improving the variables (CPK, LDH, LA). The exercises also demonstrated a significant improvement in blood enzymes (CPK, The researchers also recommend focusing on anaerobic exercise aimed at improving enzymes (CPK, LDH, LA), given their role in increasing muscle endurance and improving recovery after training. They also recommend conducting periodic assessments of physiological, physical, and skill variables during the training season to monitor progress and adapt the training load to suit the players' responses. Anaerobic exercise should be adopted as an essential part of the training program for under-23 football players, given the positive results it has shown on physiological variables.
The Effect of the Herbartian Method on Students' Learning of Some Basic Football Skills
This study aimed to identify the effect of the Herbartian method on learning some basic football skills among first-year students in the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Kufa and the Islamic University. The researcher used the experimental approach, designing two groups: a control and an experimental group. An educational program was developed according to the Herbartian method, and its impact on skills (passing, dribbling, and scoring) was measured. Pre- and post-tests were conducted, and the results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the Herbartian method in enhancing motor skill learning. The researcher recommended adopting this method in teaching and expanding its application to other sports and age groups.
The relationship between practicing recreational sports activities and psychological well-being and sports cultural awareness among female university students
The aim of the research was to identify differences in the practice of recreational activities among female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities), differences in psychological well-being among female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities), differences in cultural sports awareness among female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities), differences in cultural sports awareness among female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities), as well as identifying the relationship between practicing recreational activities and psychological well-being among female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities), and understanding the relationship between practicing recreational activities and cultural sports awareness among female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities). The research sample included a number of female university students (practicing and non-practicing recreational sports activities) for the academic year 2024-2025, totaling (200) students, with (100) practicing students. For recreational sports activities, (200) female students who did not participate in recreational sports activities were included The study reached the following conclusions: -1 There were statistically significant differences between the average responses of the research sample of female university students (practicers and non-practicers of recreational sports activities), in favor of those who practiced recreational sports activities, in terms of (recreational activity objectives, recreational activity content, and overall scale). -2 There were no statistically significant differences between those who practiced and non-practicers of recreational sports activities, in terms of (recreational activity capabilities and preferred recreational activities). -3There were statistically significant differences in psychological well-being between female university students (practicers and non-practicers of recreational sports activities), in favor of those who practiced recreational sports activities, in terms of (positive self-esteem, physical health, and overall scale). -4 There were no differences between female university students (practicers and non-practicers of recreational sports activities) in terms of (social relationships and psychological happiness).
Practicing recreational sports activities