The Effect of a Training Method Based on Trial-and-Error Learning and Reinforcement Schedules on Mindfulness and Learning the Shooting Skill in Football among Students

Abstract

The importance of this research lies in the fact that diversity in methods and approaches used in the educational process is essential for enhancing students’ learning experiences. The researcher sought to combine the training method with learning through trial and error on one hand, and the training method with learning through reinforcement schedules on the other. The training method based on trial and error gives students sufficient opportunity to make decisions during practice and the freedom to choose their position and environment. It also allows each student to learn according to their own abilities by attempting to correct mistakes through repeated trials. This gradual learning process enhances learners’ motivation and mental awareness during learning. As for the training method based on reinforcement schedules, students receive reinforcement through direct feedback from the instructor. This feedback serves both educational and reinforcing purposes, strengthening students’ behaviors and helping maintain their persistence and resistance to extinction. Thus, both methods stimulate learners’ mental awareness and encourage them to continue improving their shooting Skills in football.