The impact of educational units based on the reciprocal learning method on psychological security and learning the dribbling and passing skills in football for female students

Abstract

This research aims to develop educational based units on the reciprocal learning approach and implement them with first-year evening students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, to determine their impact on psychological well-being and the acquisition of dribbling and passing skills in football.

To achieve this objective, the researchers employed experimental design with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) using pre- and post-tests.

The research population consisted of 24 first-year evening students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, during the academic year 2025-2026. These students were randomly assigned to two groups of 12 students each.

Following this, a psychological security scale was developed, along with tests for dribbling and passing skills in football. Researchers then administered pre-tests and subsequently implemented the learning modules for six weeks. The modules comprise 12 units, delivered at a rate of two units per week. The researchers covered the main part of the lecture, and after explaining and demonstrating the skill in the practical session, two students each participated: one performing and one observing. Real-time review of performance was emphasized for all students.

After completing the learning modules, post-tests were administered. The results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The researchers concluded that the learning modules, based on the reciprocal learning approach, played a significant role in enhancing psychological security and improving the students' dribbling and passing skills in football. The results also showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.