A comparative study of a number of biomechanical variables and accuracy between the undulating serve from a standing position and the jump serve for female volleyball players

Abstract

The research aimed to identify :

Evaluate a number of biomechanical variables and accuracy for the undulating -serve from a standing position and a jump in volleyball for the sample

Evaluate the differences in a number of biomechanical variables and accuracy -between the undulating serve from a standing position and a jump in volleyball for the sample

The researcher used the descriptive approach with a comparative method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research sample was chosen intentionally, amounting to (6) female players representing the University of Mosul volleyball team for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher used a number of tools, devices, measurements and tests as means of collecting data. Two (2) video cameras were used with a speed of (60) images per second with their accessories. The kinetic analysis was carried out using the (Max Track) program to reach the values of the biomechanical variables under study. attempts five were filmed for each player and for each of the undulating serve from a standing start and the undulating serve from a jump. The best attempts were chosen for analysis according to what the performance showed after the experiment was shown slowly and several times.

The researcher concluded the following

1. The kinematic variables (elbow angle, shoulder angle, and arm speed) at the moment of maximum return of the hitting arm have been effective in the overall performance of the volleyball serve, allowing for more accurate ball delivery and leveraging of this at the moment of impact to the opponent's court, favoring the undulating serve from a standing position.
2. 2. The greater the elbow angle and the greater the distance the angularity of the shoulder joint of the hitting arm at the moment of impact to the required range of backward movement, the faster and more accurate the undulating serve will be.

3- The shorter overall time required for the undulating serve from a standing position plays a crucial role in delivering the ball to the opponent's court with greater accuracy and in less time than for the undulating serve from a jump.